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All the major print dictionaries now have digital versions—Oxford and Merriam-Webster above all—and new born-digital dictionaries range from the raunchy and often hilarious Urban Dictionary to the surprisingly sound scholarship of Wiktionary.…

First to market with a standalone electronic dictionary was Lexicon, followed by Craig Electronics. Users could buy bilingual dictionaries on electronic cartridges to translate between English and other languages. Both devices were slow. They had…

Computers, which were created in the 1940s to produce wartime ballistic firing tables, originally manipulated numbers. But since computational methods had helped to break enemy codes, Cold War resources were poured into computerizing dictionaries in…