<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8197">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Eightfold Way: A Theory of Strong Interaction Symmetry, Report CTSL-20]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[By the early 1960s, the quantum world was growing stranger still. New particles were being discovered in rapid succession—too many, it seemed, to make sense of. Murray Gell-Mann’s Eightfold Way offered an organizing principle, grouping particles into families based on elegant mathematical patterns. When one missing member—the omega-minus—was found exactly as predicted, it confirmed that the symmetry was real. That success pointed to something deeper: quarks, unseen building blocks within the particles themselves. Annotated by Gell-Mann’s earlier collaborator Abraham Pais, this offprint—numbered 137 in this catalogue—fittingly closes the show, an echo of the mysterious fine structure constant (1/137) that has threaded through quantum theory from Sommerfeld to today.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Murray Gell-Mann,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1961, offprint]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55530353358_8bdf2c1be6_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[137]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:coverage><![CDATA[California Institute of Technology Synchrotron Laboratory,]]></dcterms:coverage>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8196">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Eightfold Way: A Theory of Strong Interaction Symmetry, Report CTSL-20]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[By the early 1960s, the quantum world was growing stranger still. New particles were being discovered in rapid succession—too many, it seemed, to make sense of. Murray Gell-Mann’s Eightfold Way offered an organizing principle, grouping particles into families based on elegant mathematical patterns. When one missing member—the omega-minus—was found exactly as predicted, it confirmed that the symmetry was real. That success pointed to something deeper: quarks, unseen building blocks within the particles themselves. Annotated by Gell-Mann’s earlier collaborator Abraham Pais, this offprint—numbered 137 in this catalogue—fittingly closes the show, an echo of the mysterious fine structure constant (1/137) that has threaded through quantum theory from Sommerfeld to today.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Murray Gell-Mann,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1961, offprint]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55530636500_f4cc23b4f1_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[137]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:coverage><![CDATA[California Institute of Technology Synchrotron Laboratory,]]></dcterms:coverage>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8195">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[typed letter signed to David Bohm on hidden-variable interpretation of quantum mechanics]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[In this 1951 letter, Wolfgang Pauli responds to David Bohm’s revival of the pilot-wave theory, an effort to reintroduce determinism into quantum mechanics. Where Pauli had once dismantled de Broglie’s version in 1927, here he adopts a more measured tone. He acknowledges that Bohm’s model is logically consistent, even if untestable: “your ‘extra wave-mechanical predictions’ are still a check, which cannot be cashed.” For the first time, Pauli withholds outright objection. The letter captures a rare moment of openness: when one of quantum theory’s architects admitted its strangest features might be here to stay.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Wolfgang Pauli,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[December 3, 1951]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55530405109_0a53e24b13_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[136]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:coverage><![CDATA[Zurich,]]></dcterms:coverage>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8194">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[typed letter signed to David Bohm on hidden-variable interpretation of quantum mechanics]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[In this 1951 letter, Wolfgang Pauli responds to David Bohm’s revival of the pilot-wave theory, an effort to reintroduce determinism into quantum mechanics. Where Pauli had once dismantled de Broglie’s version in 1927, here he adopts a more measured tone. He acknowledges that Bohm’s model is logically consistent, even if untestable: “your ‘extra wave-mechanical predictions’ are still a check, which cannot be cashed.” For the first time, Pauli withholds outright objection. The letter captures a rare moment of openness: when one of quantum theory’s architects admitted its strangest features might be here to stay.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Wolfgang Pauli,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[December 3, 1951]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55530252236_1d9cce62a9_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[136]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:coverage><![CDATA[Zurich,]]></dcterms:coverage>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8193">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[“Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” Physical Review 47]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[In this 1935 thought experiment, Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen argued that quantum mechanics must be incomplete. If the theory were right, then measuring one particle could instantaneously reveal information about another, no matter how far apart they were. Einstein famously called this “spooky action at a distance,” a phrase not used in the paper but central to its legacy. The EPR paradox challenged the boundaries of quantum theory and redefined what counts as a “physical reality.” Today, the same entanglement they questioned forms the basis for quantum computing and encryption.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1935, offprint]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55530636725_01ae3b5a0d_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[135]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8192">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[“Non-Cooperative Games,” Annals of Mathematics 54]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[John Nash gave game theory its defining concept: the Nash equilibrium. In this 1951 offprint—his personal copy—he showed how rational actors can reach stable outcomes even without cooperation. A Nash equilibrium occurs when no one can improve their outcome by changing strategy, so everyone stays put. The idea quickly shaped Cold War thinking, from arms races to diplomatic brinkmanship. Nash’s insight gave mathematical form to the logic of rivalry, transforming abstract theory into a predictive tool for managing conflict, deterrence, and the precarious balance of power.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[John F. Nash, Jr.,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1951, offprint]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55530636930_42f706b966_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[134]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8191">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Theory of Games and Economic Behavior]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[During World War II, John von Neumann helped build the atomic bomb. At the same time, he coauthored Theory of Games and Economic Behavior with economist Oskar Morgenstern, applying mathematics to strategy itself. This 1944 first edition, inscribed by both authors, introduced a rigorous framework for analyzing competition, negotiation, and risk. Game theory soon permeated military doctrine, diplomacy, and economics, with mathematics becoming a tool of global strategy.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1944]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55529226392_b44fde5a08_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[133]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:coverage><![CDATA[Princeton University Press,]]></dcterms:coverage>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8190">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Theory of Games and Economic Behavior]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[During World War II, John von Neumann helped build the atomic bomb. At the same time, he coauthored Theory of Games and Economic Behavior with economist Oskar Morgenstern, applying mathematics to strategy itself. This 1944 first edition, inscribed by both authors, introduced a rigorous framework for analyzing competition, negotiation, and risk. Game theory soon permeated military doctrine, diplomacy, and economics, with mathematics becoming a tool of global strategy.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1944]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55571159434_ceb4971b37_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[133]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:coverage><![CDATA[Princeton University Press,]]></dcterms:coverage>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8189">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[“A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits,” MIT preprint of the AIEE paper]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[In this 1938 MIT preprint of his master’s thesis, Claude Shannon showed that Boolean logic could be implemented using electrical circuits. Boolean logic, named for George Boole, is a system of reasoning using binary values—true/false or 1/0—to represent logical operations like AND, OR, and NOT. Shannon demonstrated that switches could perform these operations, transforming symbolic reasoning into engineering practice and laying the foundation for digital circuit design. What Boole had abstracted and Turing had idealized, Shannon made practical. His insight turned logic into hardware and launched a new era of machine-based computation.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Claude E. Shannon,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1938]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55530401619_a6ad6b4ad3_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[132]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:coverage><![CDATA[Cambridge, MA,]]></dcterms:coverage>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://grolierclub.omeka.net/items/show/8188">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[“On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2nd series, 42]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Alan Turing’s 1936 paper introduced the universal machine, an abstract model that could simulate any algorithmic process. On the pages shown here, he defines “computable numbers,” values that can be calculated step by step by a machine following precise rules. But Turing also proved the limits: he demonstrated that some mathematical problems are fundamentally uncomputable. This insight extended Gödel’s incompleteness theorems into the realm of computation, revealing that logic itself has boundaries. During World War II, Turing turned theory into action, building real machines to break Nazi codes. His work helped end the war and launched the digital age. This offprint, inscribed to philosopher R. B. Braithwaite, captures the moment when computing began.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Alan M. Turing,]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1936, offprint]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55530354198_91251646f9_k.jpg]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[131]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>